• User Community
• Examples & Tutorials
• Training Classes
• Downloads
  
  • Software & Licenses
  • Data
  • Evaluation Materials
  • White Papers
• Documentation
• AGI & Industry News

[New Search Method]  [New Name Search]

Name: Hubble Space Telescope Abbrev: HST Status: Active	Description Type: Spacecraft Orbit Type: LEO Description: 96 min. period.                       28.5 deg. inclination.                       570 x 565 km. altitude.
International ID: 1990-037B	Catalog Number: 20580
Spacecraft Description: The Hubble Space Telescope is part of NASA's Great Observatory Program. The other satellites are the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Space Infrared Telescope Facility. Refer also to the entry for Hubble Space Telescope - Years 2002 and Earlier. Year 2010. It was reported in February 2010 that the Hubble Wild Field Camera captured an image of the after effects of two asteroids colliding. Year 2009. As of April 2009, launch of the space shuttle Hubble servicing mission is planned for May 2009. The Atlantis space shuttle launched from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center. The Endeavour space shuttle was in place for rescue mission at Launch Complex 39B. Endeavour was at readiness level of launch day -7 at the time of the Atlantis launch. The Hubble repair mission took place at 560-kilometer altitude where the estimate of mean risk of a catastrophic debris hit was 1 in 299. NASA’s guideline for an acceptable risk is 1 in 200. A piece of debris from Feng Yun-1C (FY-1C) passed slightly below and 2.8 kilometers in front of space shuttle Atlantis. There was no need for a space shuttle orbit adjust. The repair mission included 1. Replacing the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 with the Wide Field Camera 3. 2. Installing the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. 3. Installing a new guidance sensor. 4. Repairing the Advanced Camera for Surveys. 5. Repairing the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph. 6. Replacing batteries. 7. Replacing gyroscopes. 8. Replacing the Science Instrument Command and Data Handling Unit. 9. Replacing insulation. 10. Adding a docking ring so that a robotic mission can attach to and deorbit HST. It was reported in May 2009 that cost of the servicing mission is about $1.1 billion. Total cost of the Hubble mission to date is $10 billion. It was reported in June 2009 that the Hubble Space Telescope and Odin will be used to observe the impact of a Centaur upper stage on the Moon. Refer to the entry for Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS). As of July 2009 the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph had been taken off-line after experiencing an anomaly. It was reported in July 2009 that the Science Instrument Command and Data Handling Unit malfunctioned in June but has operated normally since. Year 2008. STS-125/HST-SM4 planned for August 2008 includes As of April 2007, the 5-day servicing mission is to include 1. Attaching the Low-Impact Docking System (LIDS). A future mission will attach a deorbit motor to LIDS. 2. Replacing batteries. 3. Replacing gyroscopes. 4. Installing three thermal protection blankets. 5. Replacing a fine guidance sensor. 6. Installing the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). 7. Installing the Wide-Angle Camera 3 (WFC3). 8. Replacing a circuit board in the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). 9. Replacing a circuit board in the Advanced Camera for Surveys. It was reported in April 2008 that Perkin-Elmer built the main mirror and Lockheed Martin built the casting and assembled the telescope. The decision was made to not test the mirror. The flaw in the mirror was discovered after launch in 1990. Cost at time of launch was $1.6 billion. As of May 2008, the space shuttle launch for the Hubble servicing mission had been postponed from August to October 2008 due to problems with the construction of the external fuel tanks. These are the first tanks built in accordance with the post-Columbia modifications. The May 31, 2008 space shuttle launch damaged the flame trench on Pad 39A. It was reported in June 2008 that the damage to the flame trench should be repaired in time to support the space shuttle Atlantis flight to HST. Both Pad 39A and Pad 39B will support the HST repair mission. A second shuttle will be prepared for launch in the event a rescue mission is needed. HST had its 100,000 orbit on August 10, 2008. It was reported in September 2008 that when lifting the external tank to be used for the HST space shuttle launch, a sound like falling piece of loose hardware was heard from inside the tank. It was reported in October 2008 that the Side A Science Instrument Command and Data handling (SIC&DH) unit had failed. Plans are to switch to the Side B unit. Plans are to add replacement of the Side A unit to the upcoming servicing mission, but that will delay the mission by several months. The ground spare SIC&DH unit is in storage and has been used in ground testing and simulation of HST hardware. The ground spare will go through a flight certification. Delays cost $10 million to $11 million per month. As of November 2008, launch of the servicing mission is planned for May 2009. The ground spare SIC&DH had been partially disassembled over the years and it will take time to get it fully operational and certified. It was reported in November 2008 that HST captured a image that may contain the first visible-light image of an extrasolar planet. It was reported in December 2008 that the eleven day repair mission will consist of five spacewalks. Year 2007. The Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) ceased operating on January 27, 2007 due to an electrical short tripping off a fuse. This was the third ACS shut-down since June 2006. The ACS was installed on March 7, 2002 and has a five year warranty. The solar-blind channel may be recovered but the wide field and high-resolution channels are likely inoperable. As of February 2007, the 2008 NASA budget request for HST was $277 million. It was reported in February 2007 that the servicing mission is planned for September 2008. It had been planned for May 2008. Keeping the servicing mission team in place for the additional five months costs $40 million - $50 million. As of April 2007, the 5-day servicing mission is to include 1. Attaching the Low-Impact Docking System (LIDS). A future mission will attach a deorbit motor to LIDS. 2. Replacing batteries. 3. Replacing gyroscopes. 4. Installing the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS). 5. Installing the Wide-Angle Camera 3 (WFC3). 6. Replacing a circuit board in the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS). 7. Installing a radiator on STIS. 8. Possibly repairing the Advanced Camera for Surveys. It was reported in June 2007 that HST photographed the two asteroids that are the subject of the Dawn mission. Ceres is about 950 kilometers wide, about the size of Texas. Vesta is about 530 kilometers wide, about the size of Arizona. As of July 2007, the Senate Appropriations Committee had increased NASA’s 2008 budget request for Hubble Space Telescope from $277.7 million to $307.8 million. Year 2006. It was reported in January 2006 that HST ultraviolet images of the Moon were used in a survey to locate potential sources of the mineral ilmenite. This titanium oxide is a good source of easily extracted oxygen. It was reported in January 2006 that NASA is spending $10 million per month on the HST servicing team. As of February 2006, HST had been used to confirm the existence of two more moons about Pluto. Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) will consist of the Earth Departure Upper Stage (EDUS) portion of the launch rocket and the Shepherding Spacecraft (S-S/C). Both will impact the Shackleton Crater on the Moon. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), Chandrayaan-1 and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) will observe both impacts. As of June 2006, the decision on a space shuttle HST servicing mission is due in October 2006. The Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) shut down on June 19, 2006 due to an out-of-limits power supply voltage. Operations were restored by switching to a redundant power supply. The Hubble missions have been 1. STS-31. 4/24/90. Deployment. 2. STS-61. 12/2/93. Upgrades included Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR) to correct for the primary mirror flaw, Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2), and solar panels. 3. STS-82. 2/11/97. Upgrades included Space Telescope Imaging Spectograph (STIS), Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), and reaction wheel. 4, STS-103. 12/19/99. Upgrades included gyroscopes, batteries, main computer, and solid state data recorder. 5. STS-109. 3/1/02. Upgrades included Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) Cryocooler, solar arrays, and reaction control wheel. It was reported in September 2006 that a handling rig dropped, due to a failed lifting bolt, on hardware associated with the Wide Field Camera-3. As of November 2006, the fourth and last HST servicing mission had been approved. Launch is planned for May 2008 on STS-125. A second space shuttle will be prepared for launch as a rescue mission. Cost of the servicing mission is 1. $200 million for building the Wide Field Camera-3 and Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. 2. $200 million - $250 million for funding the repair team for the previous last three years. 3. $200 million for launch. 4 $200 million for continuing to fund the repair team. The servicing mission will include 1. Installing the two new instruments. 2. Repairing the Imaging Spectrograph. 3. Replacing the six batteries. 4. Replacing the six gyroscopes. 5. Installing a passive-capture assembly to be used for a robotic de-orbit capability. Year 2005. January. As of January 2005, NASA's initial operating plan contained $175 million for the HST servicing mission instead of the $291 million recommended by Congress. As of January 2005, NASA had awarded Macdonald, Dettwiler and Associates a $154 million HST servicing mission contract. It was reported in January 2005 that HST had taken the first image of a planet outside our solar system. The planet is orbiting a brown dwarf that is about 225 light-years from Earth. The planet is estimated to be 8 billion kilometers from the star with an orbital period of 2,500 years. It was reported in January 2005, that the White House had included funding for deorbiting HST but had eliminated funding for the HST servicing mission from its 2006 budget request. As of January 2005, NASA is to report in September 2005 on the feasibility of a robotic mission. It was reported in January 2005 that HST, known then as Large Space Telescope, was canceled by President Nixon in 1973 because of budget problems. Funding was restored when a compromise was worked out with Congress. February - March. It was reported in February 2005 that NASA's 2006 budget request for HST did not include funding for a servicing mission. It did contain $75 million for a deorbit mission. As of February 2005 1) NASA estimated that a shuttle servicing mission would cost about $2 billion. Other servicing missions have cost $300-400 million. 2) The Aerospace Corporation estimated that a robotic servicing mission would cost $1.3 - 2.2 billion. 3) MDA Robotics estimated that a robotic servicing mission would cost about $1 billion including the $154 million contract awarded to MDA Robotics and the $330 million contract awarded to Lockheed Martin. The deorbit module is estimated to cost $300-500 million. Refer to the entry for Hubble Origins Probe for an alternative to HST. It was reported in February 2005 that it is estimated that an uncontrolled reentry of HST would result in 2,055 kilograms of debris from the 11,792-kilogram HST striking the Earth over a 1,220-kilometer ground track. The Hubble science and operations team received an Aviation Week & Space Technology 2004 Laurels award for their work. It was reported in February 2005 that two member of U.S. House of Representatives were requesting NASA to provide its space shuttle HST servicing mission risk analysis. April - June. As of April 2005, the new NASA administrator agreed with the decision to not have a robotic servicing mission but would consider a human servicing mission. It was reported in April 2005 that ESA financed about 15 percent of HST development. As of May 2005, the NASA administrator had reversed a decision of his predecessor by authorizing the planning of the HST servicing mission using the space shuttle. Funding for the servicing and deorbit missions may result in deferring work on Space Interferometer Mission (SIM) and Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). Work on the James Webb Space Telescope should not be effected. As of June 2005, the Senate appropriations committee had included an additional $250 million in NASA 2006 spending bill for an HST servicing mission, given that one is feasible. It was announced in June 2005 that NASA had established the Office of Program Analysis and Evaluation (PA&E). The office will 1. Perform cost analysis. 2. Plan strategic investments. 3. Assess organizational readiness. 4. Conduct independent program assessments. Establishment of this office was one of the recommendations of the 1990 report issued by the Augustine Commission - Report of the Advisory Committee On the Future of the U.S. Space Program. PA&E may review the HST servicing issues. July. As of July 2005, the NASA Administrator Michael Griffin had reversed the former NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe's decision to cancel space shuttle based HST Servicing Mission 4. It was reported in July 2005 that the House Science Committee's version of the 2006 NASA Authorization bill contained $150 million for a HST servicing mission. It was reported in July 2005 that the White House sent a revised 2006 budget request to Congress that had an additional $30 million for the HST servicing mission. NASA is proposing freeing up funding for the servicing mission by reducing funding for the Terrestrial Planet Finder. August - December. As of August 2005, NASA was considering eliminating the deorbit module from the HST servicing mission. HST decay from orbit is predicted to be around 2020, which would allow sufficient time to devise a deorbit scenario. Deleting deorbit module would save about $170 million. Keeping the deorbit module adds technical risk since the module has never been tested and increases schedule risk. Cost of the servicing mission to replace the batteries, gyroscopes and two instruments is about $250 million, excluding the cost of the shuttle flight. As of September 2005, HST had been configured to operate on two gyroscopes. The third operating gyroscope is being held in reserve. This should extend operations until mid-2008. HST has six gyroscopes and four reaction wheels. The batteries are projected to last until 2010. The repair mission is planned for late 2007. As of September 2005, the U.S. Senate had included $250 million for the HST servicing mission in its version of NASA's 2006 budget. It was reported in October 2005 that HST has been used to determine that Pluto has two moons in addition to Charon. Year 2004. As of January 2004, NASA was canceling planned Hubble servicing missions. The cancellation was in reaction 1) to a need to reallocate funding to support NASA's new vision for manned space exploration and 2) the difficulty with complying with the recommendations from the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB). Since a space shuttle on a HST mission could not also rendezvous with the space station if there were an on-orbit problem, the CAIB recommended that a second shuttle and crew should be ready for launch. Two servicing missions had been planned. The gyroscopes and batteries will need replacing. The batteries will have degraded by 2007 to the point that the will not be able to hold a charge overnight. A robotic mission for capture and orbit adjust may be considered. Examples are Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology (DART), Spacecraft Life Extension System (SLES), or even the International Space Station - Interim Control Module. The chairman of the CAIB will review the decision to not use the space shuttle for the HST servicing missions. It was reported in March 2004 that two new instruments have been developed for HST, Wide Field Camera 3 and Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, that were to have been installed on a 2006 servicing mission. Images from the Ultra Deep Field project were taken with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (Nicmos). 800 images were taken with 1 million seconds of total exposure time during 400 orbits from September 24, 2003 to January 16, 2004. The ACS looked back to 800 million years after the Big Bang and Nicmos looked back 400 million years after the Big Bang. As of March 2004, the National Academy of Sciences will review NASA's decision to eliminate the final HST servicing mission. NASA will support this review under the conditions 1) that any mission to HST fully comply with the safety guidelines recommended by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) and 2) consideration be given to a servicing mission not requiring use of the space shuttle. The CAIB recommended that there should be a mechanism for on-orbit inspection and repair of the shuttle if the mission is not to the space station. It was reported in March 2004 that the Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope will observe the Impactor from Deep Impact striking comet Tempel-1. Deep Impact is planned for launch on December 30, 2004 with rendezvous with the comet on July 4, 2005. As of March 2004, U.S. Senate resolution (S. Res. 324) urges NASA to appoint an independent panel of experts to review options for safely carrying out the planned servicing mission and to assess alternate approaches. It was reported in April 2004 that NASA received 26 responses to its request for information on technologies needed for robotic servicing of HST. NASA plans on starting development in fall 2004 if there is a viable approach for the robotic mission. The estimated end of life for HST, if the batteries and gyros are not replaced, is 2007-2008. It was reported in May 2004 that observations from CXO supports previous findings that the initially the universe expanded rapidly, then decreased, and then increased about 6 billion year ago. This phenomenon was first discovered using the Hubble Space Telescope. As of June 2004, NASA had issued a formal request for bids for a robotic mission before the end of 2007. Proposals are due July 16, 2004. Contract award is planned for September 2004. The National Academy of Sciences is to issue a report, in September 2004, on the viability of a service mission, either with a crew or robotic. NASA has a funding wedge of $300 million in 2007 for a mission to deorbit HST. The minimum capability is to attach a rocket motor and deorbit HST. Additional capabilities include extending the life by replacing batteries and gyroscopes as well as upgrading instruments 1) Remove Wide Field Planetary Camera-2 (WFPC-2). 2) Remove Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (Costar). 3) Install the $83 million Wide Field Camera-3. 4) Install the $65 million Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. NASA issued in June 2004, a sole source Request for Proposal to MD Robotics for equipment to service HST 1) Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator Robot. 2) Space Transportation System/Orbital Express robotic arm system. The July 2004 National Research Council panel interim report stated that recommendations from the Columbia Accident Investigation Board and the Stafford-Covey Return-to-Flight panel did not rule out use of the space shuttle for an HST servicing mission. The report recommended that NASA should participate in the U.S. Air Force's Experimental Spacecraft System (XSS-11) and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Orbital Express missions. As of July 2004, the House Appropriations Committee was considering a $1.1 billion cut to the President's 2005 funding request for NASA. The proposed cuts included $70 million from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, $483 million from the Crew Exploration Vehicle, $230 million from Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter and eliminating funding for the Centennial Challenges program prizes. Additionally, the budget request does not include funding for a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. The White House threatened to veto any NASA spending bill that does not include an large increase in funding. The President's 2005 funding request for NASA was $16.2 billion, a $866 million increase over the 2004 funding. As of August 2004, NASA was negotiating with MacDonald Dettwiler for a sole-source contract for MacDonald Dettwiler to build a version of the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator that would be used on a robotic mission to service HST. Total cost of the servicing mission is estimated to be $1-1.6 billion. A critical design review is planned for summer 2005. The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrometer transitioned to a non-operational mode in August 2004 due to a failed backup power converter. The primary power converted had failed in 2001. It was reported in October 2004 that Lockheed Martin Space Systems was awarded a $330 million contract to develop the Hubble Robotic Vehicle Deorbit Module (HRVDM), the spacecraft that will transport the servicing robotics to HST and also be capable of deorbiting HST. MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates was awarded a $144 million contract to build the robotic arm for servicing HST. As of November 2004, the U.S. House appropriations committee had reduced the $16.2 billion White House budget request by $1.1 billion. The U.S. Senate appropriations committee had approved the $16.2 billion request and added $800 million in emergency funding for the Hubble Space Telescope. It was reported in November 2004, that the Fine Guidance Sensor 2R needs replacement due to a prematurely degrading light emitting diode. There are three Fine Guidance Sensors. One was replaced in 1997 and another in 1999. The 1999 replacement is the one that is degrading. A $388 billion Fiscal 2005 omnibus spending bill was adopted in late November 2004. $16.2 billion is for NASA. $291 million is for the HST servicing mission. NASA was given the unprecedented authority to move funds between accounts as it develops its operating plan. December. It was reported in December 2004 that the Fiscal 2005 omnibus spending bill contains a provision requiring NASA to issue a report that provides more details on the plans for servicing HST . The report is due 90 days after the president signs the spending bill. The National Academy of Sciences released in December 2004 “Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope", which recommended a space shuttle mission for servicing HST instead of a robotic mission. The GAO issued in December 2004, "Space Shuttle Costs for Hubble Servicing Mission and Implementation of Safety Recommendations Not Yet Definite". Year 2003. It was reported in February 2003 that the U.S. Congress, in its conference report accomplying the omnibus spending bill, was asking NASA to evaluate the costs and benefits of adding a HST servicing mission in around 2007. This would extend HST operations until the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is planned to be operational. Currently the last servicing mission is planned for 2004. As of April 2003, preparations for the November 2004 servicing mission continue, even though the mission will have to be canceled if the space shuttle flights have not resumed following the loss of Columbia. As of June 2003, the number three gyro had failed. Only three gyros are properly functioning, the minimum needed for operations. The number six gyro is off-line only because it's electronics has a bias rate drift. The gyro could be activated if needed. All six gyros are scheduled to be replaced in a 2004 servicing mission, depending on the return to operations of the shuttle fleet following the Columbia accident investigation. As of August 2003, the Hubble Space Telescope-James Webb Space Telescope Transition Plan Review Panel is considering several options for the fly-out of the Hubble Space Telescope. Plans for using a space shuttle to returning HST to Earth have been dropped. The current plans are to have one servicing mission to add two instruments, replace the gyroscopes, and prepare the spacecraft for a guided reentry. The cost versus benefit of a second servicing mission to further extend the mission is being evaluated. It was reported in September 2003 that the Hubble Space Telescope was used to image comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko and to determine that it is a 3 x 2 mile ellipsoid and rotates once every 12 hours. This was in support of the Rosetta mission. As of October 2003, the next HST servicing mission could be in 2005. It was reported in November 2003 that some funding may be shifted from the James Webb Space Telescope to the Hubble Space Telescope to help pay for the next servicing mission. As of November 2003, NASA was considering developing an autonomous space tug that could attach to HST for a deorbit. HST does not have thrusters. It has been periodically raised in orbit by the space shuttle. Cost for the space tug would be about $300 million and could be paid for from the Astronomical Search Origins program. The next servicing mission will be in 2006. End-of-life will be about 2012. Refer also to the entry for Hubble Space Telescope - Years 2002 and Earelier.
Launch Date: 4/24/90 Launch Vehicle: Space Shuttle Launch Location: Cape Canaveral	Capability: Scientific                    Astronomy
Country: United States Builder: Lockheed Martin	Operator: Space Telescope Science Institute
Last Update: February 27, 2010
Web Site: http://hubble.stsci.edu - Hubble home page                  http://www.stsci.edu - Space Telescope Science Institute home page
References: "News Breaks – Space Debris Probed”, AW&ST Feb. 8, 2010, p. 16. "News Briefs – Hubble Spots Aftermath of Recent Asteroid Collision”, SN Feb. 8, 2010, p. 9. “New Hubble Camera Images Earliest Galaxies Yet Seen”, AW&ST Dec. 14, 2009, p. 38. "In Orbit - Great Observations”, AW&ST Dec. 7, 2009, p. 19. “A 50-Year History of Training the Next Generation of Space Scientists”, SN Sept. 21, 2009, p. 16. "In Orbit - First Light - Again”, AW&ST Sept. 14, 2009, p. 18. "News Briefs - NASA Unveils New Images From Refurbished Hubble”, SN Sept. 14, 2009, p. 8. "In Orbit - Target of Opportunity”, AW&ST Aug. 3, 2009, p. 15. "News Briefs - Hubble Spots Aftereffects of Rare Jupiter Collision”, SN Aug. 3, 2009, p. 8. "In Orbit - Hubble Update”, AW&ST July 27, 2009, p. 15. “Key Hubble Instrument Out of Action”, SN July 20, 2009, p. 20. “Looking South”, AW&ST June 29, 2009, p. 51. “Weather Delays”, AW&ST June 1, 2009, p. 34. “Hubble’s Lessons”, AW&ST May 25, 2009, p. 26. "In Orbit - Drug Test”, AW&ST May 25, 2009, p. 16. “Upgraded Hubble, Herschel-Planck Usher in Golden Age of Astronomy”, SN May 25, 2009, p. 17. “Repair Mission Gives Hubble Telescope New Lease on Life”, SN May 25, 2009, p. 17. “Upgrades Underway”, AW&ST May 18, 2009, p. 36. "In Orbit - Hubble Constant”, AW&ST May 18, 2009, p. 16. “NASA Keeps Eye on Debris as Hubble Repair Mission Begins”, SN May 18, 2009, p. 17. “Hubble Space Telescope Ready for Its Final Makeover”, SN May 11, 2009, p. 18. “Delayed Finale”, AW&ST May 4, 2009, p. 33. "In Orbit - Flight Test Delay", AW&ST April 6, 2009, p. 14. “NASA Prepares for Last Hubble Servicing Mission”, SN April 6, 2009, p. 12. “Hidden Planet Discovered In Archived Hubble Data”, SN April 6, 2009, p. 9. "Hubble Detects New Evidence of Dark Matter", SN Mar. 23, 2009, p. 28. "Delayed Certification", AW&ST Feb. 2, 2009, p. 40. "News Briefs - NASA Postpones Decision On Hubble Standby Shuttle", SN Jan 26, 2009, p. 3. "In Orbit - Heart of the Matter", AW&ST Jan 12, 2009, p. 14. "Runaway Stars Go Ballistic", SN Jan 12, 2009, p. 14. "In Orbit - Transition Issues", AW&ST Jan 5, 2009, p. 13. "NASA Might Change Hubble Mission Requirement to Keep Ares-1 on Track", SN Jan 5, 2009, p. 6. "News Breaks - Date for Delayed Hubble Mission", AW&ST Dec. 8, 2008, p. 19. "News Briefs - NASA Sets May Launch Date For Hubble Repair Mission", SN Dec. 8, 2008, p. 3. "Extrasolar Planets", AW&ST Nov. 17, 2008, p. 35. "Transition Worries", AW&ST Nov. 3, 2008, p. 50. "News Breaks - Camera Back On Line", AW&ST Nov. 3, 2008, p. 23. "NASA Pushes Hubble Shuttle Servicing Mission To May 2009", SN Nov. 3, 2008, p. 1. "News Breaks - Big Plans for Hubble", AW&ST Oct. 27, 2008, p. 22. "Hubble Telescope Back on Track to Resume Science Operations", SN Oct. 27, 2008, p. 17. "News Breaks - Hubble To Restart Observations", AW&ST Oct. 20, 2008, p. 16. "NASA Hits Snag in Attempt to Resume Hubble Operations", SN Oct. 20, 2008, p. 15. "Hubble Hangup", AW&ST Oct. 13, 2008, p. 31. "Hubble Repair Delay Puts Ares 1-X Activities on Hold", SN Oct. 13, 2008, p. 4. "In Orbit - Mission Delays", AW&ST Oct. 6, 2008, p. 24. "Scientists Insist Shuttle Mission To Ailing Hubble Still Justified", SN Oct. 6, 2008, p. 23. "In Orbit - Debris Danger", AW&ST Sept. 15, 2008, p. 18. "In Orbit - Tank Trouble", AW&ST Sept. 1, 2008, p. 14. "In Orbit - Birthday Picture", AW&ST Aug. 18/25, 2008, p. 22. "Observation Time", AW&ST Aug. 4, 2008, p. 53. "Ghost Flight", AW&ST Aug. 4, 2008, p. 50. "Last Stop", AW&ST Aug. 4, 2008, p. 46. "News Briefs - Three Generations of Red Spots Mix It Up on Jupiter", SN July 21, 2008, p. 8. "Despite Broad Agreement, House and Senate Unlikely to Pass NASA Spending Measure", SN July 14, 2008, p. 10. "Scientists Look Forward To Final Hubble Refurbishing Mission", SN July 7, 2008, p. 17. "News Breaks - Effects of KSC Pad Repairs", AW&ST June 30, 2008, p. 22. "News Briefs - NASA Begins Repair of Damaged Shuttle Pad", SN June 30, 2008, p. 3. "With Kibo Delivered, NASA Looks Ahead To Hubble", SN June 23, 2008, p. 6. "In Orbit - Breaking Out in Spots", AW&ST June 2, 2008, p.18. "News Briefs - Fierce Winds Prevail in Jupiter's Little Red Spot", SN June 2, 2008, p. 9. "News Breaks - New Shuttle Mission Dates", AW&ST May 26, 2008, p. 23. "In Orbit - Missing Matter", AW&ST May 26, 2008, p. 22. "Astronomers Are First To Catch Images of Exploding Star", SN May 26, 2008, p. 15. "News Briefs - NASA Delays Mission To Refurbish Hubble", SN May 5, 2008, p. 3. "Fifty Years of Spaceflight - April 25, 1990: Flawed Hubble Deployed", SN April 21, 2008, p. 16. "In Orbit - Final Mission?", AW&ST Mar. 10, 2008, p. 14. "In Orbit - Einstein Rings", AW&ST Jan. 21, 2008, p. 17. "Hubble Endgame", AW&ST Jan. 14, 2008, p. 26. "NASA's Stern Says Safety Comes First for Last Shuttle Flight to Hubble", SN Jan. 14, 2008, p. 15. "Hubble Mission's Future Tied to Delayed Shuttle Flights", SN Jan. 14, 2008, p. 15. "News Briefs - Biological Precursor Molecules Discovered Outside Solar System", SN Jan. 14, 2008, p. 9. "NASA Laying Ground for 'Exciting But Executable' Astronomy Plan", SN Oct. 22, 2007, p. 13. "In Orbit - Rare View", AW&ST Sept 3, 2007, p. 19. "In Orbit - Stellar Needlepoint", AW&ST July 30, 2007, p. 15. "In Orbit - Magnified Galaxies", AW&ST July 23, 2007, p. 15. “Senate Appropriations Committee’s 2008 NASA Spending Plan”, SN July 9, 2007, p. 6. "Hubble Photographs Two Hugh Asteroids", SN June 25, 2007, p. 23. "News Breaks - NASA plans to launch the final ..", AW&ST June 11, 2007, p. 18. "NASA To Launch Shuttle to Hubble in September 2008", SN June 11, 2007, p. 17. "Profile - Matt Mountain, Director Space Telescope Science Institute", SN May 28, 2007, p. 22. "News Breaks - New understanding of the mysterious ..", AW&ST May 21, 2007, p. 20. "Long-Term Care", AW&ST April 30, 2007, p. 22. "News Briefs - NASA Releases Mosaic to Mark Hubble's Birthday", SN April 30, 2007, p. 8. "Managing Hubble Science", SN Mar. 19, 2007, p. 16. "NASA's 2008 Request Overshadowed by 2007 Budget Picture", SN Feb. 12, 2007, p. 11. "In Orbit - Off Line", AW&ST Feb. 5, 2007, p. 15. "Hubble Loses Main Camera, Some Data Permanently Lost", SN Feb. 5, 2007, p. 14. "In Orbit - Dark Matter Map", AW&ST Jan. 15, 2007, p. 405. "News Briefs - Hubble Data Used To Create 3-D Map of Universe's Dark Matter", SN Jan. 15, 2007, p. 8. "News Briefs - Enhanced Pointing Sensor Will Be Installed on Hubble", SN Dec. 11, 2006, p. 9. "News Briefs - Hubble Data Reveals Dark Energy's History", SN Nov. 27, 2006, p. 12. "News Breaks - Analysis of the 24 most distant ..", AW&ST Nov. 20, 2006, p. 16. "Paradigm Shift", AW&ST Nov. 6, 2006, p. 38. "Hubble Go-Ahead To Affect Ares 1, Science Programs", SN Nov. 6, 2006, p. 13. "Astronauts Prepare for Challenging Last Mission to Hubble", SN Nov. 6, 2006, p. 12. "Washington Outlook - Fixing Hubble", AW&ST Oct. 30, 2006, p. 21. "News Briefs - Winds Grow Stronger in Jupiter's Little Red Spot", SN Oct. 16, 2006, p. 9. "Sailing Atlantis", AW&ST Sept. 18, 2006, p. 30. "In Orbit - Distant Transit", AW&ST Sept. 11, 2006, p. 14. "In Orbit - Seeing in the Dark", AW&ST Sept. 4, 2006, p. 16. "A Ticket to Fix", AW&ST Aug. 7, 2006, p. 62. "NASA Debates Hubble Servicing Mission Safety Concerns", SN Aug. 7, 2006, p. 14. "Washington Outlook - Done Deal", AW&ST July 31, 2006, p. 27. "In Orbit - Silver Lining", AW&ST July 10, 2006, p. 17. "In Orbit - New Moons", AW&ST July 10, 2006, p. 17. "In Orbit - Hubble Camera", AW&ST July 3, 2006, p. 14. "Washington Outlook - Hubble Decision", AW&ST June 26, 2006, p. 23. "In Orbit - Space Dust", AW&ST June 19, 2006, p. 16. "News Briefs - Griffin Defends NASA's 2006 Operating Plan", SN May 15, 2006, p. 3. "Hubble Data Shows '10th Planet' Is Only Slightly Larger Than Pluto", SN April 17, 2006, p. 20. "Impactors Added to Lunar Reconnaissance Mission", SN April 17, 2006, p. 5. "Dowsing in the Dark", AW&ST April 17, 2006, p. 26. "News Briefs - Hubble Photos Indicate Pluto Moons Are Similar", SN March 20, 2006, p. 9. "News Briefs - Hubble Image Confirms Discovery of Pluto Moons", SN Feb. 27, 2006, p. 8. "News Briefs - Hubble Telescope Observes Companion Star to Polaris", SN Jan. 16, 2006, p. 9. "NASA Science Programs Face Slower Budget Growth, Cuts", SN Jan. 16, 2006, p. 1. "In Orbit - Pole Stars", AW&ST Jan. 16, 2006, p. 409. "Lunar Prospecting", AW&ST Jan. 9, 2006, p. 50. "News Briefs - Hubble Tracks Huge Dust Storm on Mars", SN Nov. 21, 2005, p. 8. "NASA Gets $16.5 Billion, but Big Questions Loom for Future", SN Nov. 21, 2005, p. 7. "Hubble Images Show Two More Moons Orbiting Pluto", SN Nov. 7, 2005, p. 12. "In Orbit - Harvest Moons", AW&ST Nov. 7, 2005, p. 25. "NASA Points Hubble at Moon To Prep for Lunar Orbiter", SN Oct. 24, 2005, p. 14. "News Briefs - Scientists Solve Mystery Behind Gamma Ray Burst", SN Oct. 10, 2005, p. 8. "Washington Outlook - Staying Alive", AW&ST Oct. 10, 2005, p. 21. "News Briefs - Astronomer Struck by Galaxy's Apparent Age", SN Oct. 3, 2005, p. 8. "News Briefs - Hubble Reveals Source of Blue Light in Andromeda", SN Sept. 26, 2005, p. 8. "NASA Budget Nears Approval as Congress Irons Out Differences", SN Sept. 26, 2005, p. 13. "Engineers Work To Prolong Hubble Space Telescope's Life", SN Sept. 19, 2005, p. 16. "In Orbit - Up on Two Wheels", AW&ST Sept. 12, 2005, p. 15. "News Briefs - NASA Switches Hubble to Two-Gyroscope Control", SN Sept. 5, 2005, p. 8. "Griffin Likely To Delete Deorbit Module From Hubble Mission", SN Aug. 29, 2005, p. 6. "Revised White House Budget Aims To Accelerate CEV Development", SN July 25, 2005, p. 10. "News Briefs - NASA Authorization Bill Backs Exploration Plans", SN July 25, 2005, p. 3. "Congress Authorizes Funding for NASA Exploration Vision", SN July 18, 2005, p. 13. "Europe Observes Deep Impact in Preparation for Rosetta", SN July 11, 2005, p. 15. "One More Time", AW&ST July 11, 2005, p. 32. "News Briefs - Unseen Planet Would Explain Hubble Image", SN June 27, 2005, p. 8. "NASA Creates Office of Program and Cost Evaluation", SN June 27, 2005, p. 4. "Washington Outlook - NASA Authorization", AW&ST June 27, 2005, p. 21. "Big Universe, Tightening Budget", SN June 6, 2005, p. 1. "Griffin Tells Senate That Shuttle Must Be Replaced", SN May 16, 2005, p. 4. "Washington Outlook - Robbing Peter", AW&ST May 16, 2005, p. 27. "In Orbit - Official Sighting", AW&ST May 9, 2005, p. 15. "NASA Begins Preparing for Shuttle Mission to Service Hubble Telescope", SN May 2, 2005, p. 1. "Hubble Marks 15 Years in Space", SN April 25, 2005, p. 20. "Europe Prepares Its Own Exploration Blueprint", SN April 25, 2005, p. 10. "NASA's Budget Woes Put Programs on the Chopping Block", SN April 25, 2005, p. 6. "Let's Work Together", AW&ST April 18, 2005, p. 30. "Accelerator", AW&ST April 18, 2005, p. 28. "Griffin Begins in Whirlwind", SN April 18, 2005, p. 1. "Calvert Supports Plan To Deorbit Space Telescope", SN April 11, 2005, p. 12. "NASA Poised To Focus Hubble Work on Deorbit", SN April 4, 2005, p. 6. "In Orbit - Hot Stuff", AW&ST April 4, 2005, p. 17. "News Briefs - Hubble Finds Evidence Of Limits of Star Growth", SN Mar. 21, 2005, p. 9. "Full Plate", AW&ST Mar. 21, 2005, p. 28. "Washington Outlook - Not Dead Yet", AW&ST Mar. 7, 2005, p. 19. "MacDonald Dettwiler Tied Up in Hubble's Fate", SN Feb. 28, 2005, p. 11. "Washington Outlook - Show Me", AW&ST Feb. 28, 2005, p. 23. "NASA to Help Europeans Navigate Export Regime", SN Feb. 21, 2005, p. 10. "AW&ST Presents Its 48th Annual Aerospace Laurels Selections", AW&ST Feb. 21, 2005, p. 22. "News Briefs - Recent Hubble Space Telescope Image Reveals Light Echo Pattern in Star's Dust Shell", SN Feb. 14, 2005, p. 15. "NASA Sacrifices Hubble, JIMO To Focus on Moon-Mars Vision", SN Feb. 14, 2005, p. 8. "Trackable Orbital Debris Number Reaches 9,233 Objects", SN Feb. 7, 2005, p. 20. "Hubble Hearing Opens Debate on a Hot Topic", SN Feb. 7, 2005, p. 6. "NASA Budget Request Falls Short of Expectations", SN Feb. 7, 2005, p. 4. "Down to Business", AW&ST Feb. 7, 2005, p. 28. "Washington Outlook - Hubble Lite", AW&ST Feb. 7, 2005, p. 23. "Democrats Drawing Battle Lines on Hubble", SN Jan. 31, 2005, p. 9. "Hubble's Fate a Hot Topic for Many", SN Jan. 31, 2005, p. 9. "Washington Outlook - More Hubble Trouble", AW&ST Jan. 31, 2005, p. 19. "White House Nixes Hubble Space Telescope Servicing Funds for 2006", SN Jan. 24, 2005, p. 1. "In Orbit - Brown Dwarf", AW&ST Jan. 24, 2005, p. 15. "Hubble Image Adds To Evidence of Planet Beyond Solar System", SN Jan. 17, 2005, p. 11. "In Orbit - Dark Matter", AW&ST Jan. 17, 2005, p. 391. "News Briefs - NASA Awards $154 Mission Contract for Hubble Mission", SN Jan. 10, 2005, p. 3. "NASA Uses New Budgetary Authority To Shift Funds To Exploration Vision", SN Jan. 10, 2005, p. 1. "Three Years in the Hot Seat", SN Dec. 20, 2004, p. 1. "News Briefs - Post-Columbia Changes To Cost NASA $2.2 Billion", SN Dec. 20, 2004, p. 3. "Hubble Report Rebuffs O'Keefe, Urges Shuttle Mission", SN Dec. 13, 2004, p. 4. "Risk Analysis", AW&ST Dec. 13, 2004, p. 26. "Congress Gives NASA Plenty of Post-Budget Homework", SN Dec. 6, 2004, p. 6. "Congress Grants $16.2 Billion Budget for NASA", SN Nov. 29, 2004, p. 10. "Full Steam Ahead", AW&ST Nov. 29, 2004, p. 37. "Washington Outlook - Space Spending", AW&ST Nov. 22, 2004, p. 23. "News Briefs - Another Hubble Problem Added To Mission Plans", SN Nov. 8, 2004, p. 3. "Bush Vision Gets Second Term", SN Nov. 8, 2004, p. 1. "Washington Outlook - Barter Deal Two", AW&ST Oct. 25, 2004, p. 31. "World News Roundup - Lockheed Martin and ..", AW&ST Oct. 11, 2004, p. 26. "Lockheed Gets $330 Million to Design Robotic Hubble Repair Spacecraft", SN Oct. 4, 2004, p. 1. "Emergency Funding Key to NASA Budget Prospects", SN Sept. 27, 2004, p. 8. "Mothers of Invention", AW&ST Sept. 13, 2004, p. 67. "Profile - John Grunsfled, NASA Chief Scientist", SN Sept. 6, 2004, p. 22. "O'Keefe Gives Go Ahead for Hubble Robotic Servicing", SN Aug. 16, 2004, p. 6. "Full Service", AW&ST Aug. 16, 2004, p. 32. "Washington Outlook - Long Hot Autumn", AW&ST Aug. 16, 2004, p. 21. "Profile - Craig Steidle, NASA Associate Administration for Exploration Systems", SN July 26, 2004, p. 22. "White House Issues Veto Threat Over NASA Budget Cuts", SN July 26, 2004, p. 3. "Reality Bites", AW&ST July 26, 2004, p. 39. "Space Log - Hubble Production Software Available for the Home", SN July 19, 2004, p. 10. "O'Keefe Still Prefers Robots for Hubble Servicing Mission", SN July 19, 2004, p. 6. "Worth Saving", AW&ST July 19, 2004, p. 62. "Off the Ground", AW&ST June 28, 2004, p. 26. "Washington Outlook - Hubble Money", AW&ST June 28, 2004, p. 21. "Canadian Company Grapples With Hubble Servicing", SN June 21, 2004, p. 9. "Washington Outlook - Hubble Offsets", AW&ST June 14, 2004, p. 21. "Space Log - Hubble Images Red Rectangle", SN June 7, 2004, p. 10. "NASA Seeks Robotic Hubble Servicing Mission Proposals", SN June 7, 2004, p. 3. "Robot Rescue", AW&ST June 7, 2004, p. 32. "Space Log - Astronomers Capture Cosmic Hurricane Images", SN May 31, 2004, p. 10. "News Digest - Sen. Hutchson Asks President To Overrule NASA on Hubble", SN May 31, 2004, p. 4. "Astronomers Wait to See if NASA's Zeal To Explore Extends to Ancient Universe", SN May 31, 2004, p. 1. "In Orbit - Big Rip", AW&ST May 24, 2004, p. 17. "Space Log - Hubble Snaps New Images of Bug Nebula", SN May 10, 2004, p. 10. "Space Log - Sedna Rotation Puzzles Observers", SN May 3, 2004, p. 8. "O'Keefe: Robotic Options for Saving Hubble Promising", SN April 26, 2004, p. 7. "Robot to the Rescue", AW&ST April 26, 2004, p. 38. "In Orbit - Moon Manque", AW&ST April 26, 2004, p. 17. "Space Log - Hubble Captures Details of Nearby Galaxy", SN April 19, 2004, p. 10. "Senate Resolution Introduced To Save Hubble Mission", SN Mar. 29, 2004, p. 8. "Space Log - Most Distance Object In Solar System Discovered", SN Mar. 22, 2004, p. 8. "Ramming a Comet", AW&ST Mar. 22, 2004, p. 50. "O'Keefe Stands Firm on Hubble Decision, But Agrees to Review", SN Mar. 15, 2004, p. 1. "False Reprieve", AW&ST Mar. 15, 2004, p. 26. "In Orbit - Tell Me More", AW&ST Mar. 15, 2004, p. 17. "Lawmakers Seek Review of NASA Decision on Hubble", SN Mar. 8, 2004, p. 20. "Lost Vision", AW&ST Mar. 8, 2004, p. 56. "Washington Outlook - Hubble Hearing", AW&ST Mar. 8, 2004, p. 23. "Space Log - Collision of Galaxies Creates Merged System", SN Mar. 1, 2004, p. 10. "Legislators Continue Protests Over Canceled Hubble Mission", SN Mar. 1, 2004, p. 8. "Monolithic Wave", AW&ST Feb. 23, 2004, p. 95. "In Orbit - Far Out", AW&ST Feb. 23, 2004, p. 25. "NASA On Defensive About Suspending Hubble Servicing Mission", SN Feb. 16, 2004, p. 6. "In Orbit - Backspin", AW&ST Feb. 16, 2004, p. 15. "Space Log - Hubble Images of Uranus, Neptune", SN Feb. 2, 2004, p. 10. "O'Keefe Asks CAIB Chairman To Review Hubble Decision", SN Feb. 2, 2004, p. 7. "Washington Outlook - Buck Stop", AW&ST Feb. 2, 2004, p. 21. "Parts of NASA's 2004 Budget Are Already Obsolete", SN Jan. 26, 2004, p. 9. "Canceled Hubble Repair the First Victim of New NASA Vision", SN Jan. 26, 2004, p. 6. "Hubble Trouble", AW&ST Jan. 26, 2004, p. 24. "Charting a Course", AW&ST Jan. 26, 2004, p. 22. "News Digest - NASA Cancels Planned Hubble Servicing Mission", SN Jan. 19, 2004, p. 4. "Space Log - Stars More Abundant", SN Jan. 12, 2004, p. 10. "Space Log - Galaxies Formed Earlier", SN Jan. 12, 2004, p. 10. "In Orbit - Galactic Shredder", AW&ST Jan. 12, 2004, p. 17. "Columbia Tragedy Puts Spotlight on NASA's Future", SN Dec. 15, 2003, p. 29. "Space Log - Hubble Takes First Images Of Dying Star", SN Dec. 1, 2003, p. 12. "Space Log - Hubble Images Brightest Region", SN Nov. 24, 2003, p. 10. "NASA Proposes $300 Million Tug To Deorbit Hubble", SN Nov. 24, 2003, p. 6. "Some Webb Telescope Funds May Be Shifted To Hubble Mission", SN Nov. 10, 2003, p. 6. "Space Log - Tiny Moons Discovered at Uranus", SN Oct. 20, 2003, p. 10. "In Orbit - Hubble Servicing", AW&ST Oct. 13, 2003, p. 15. "Space Log - Hubble Finds Kuiper Belt Objects", SN Sept. 22, 2003, p. 10. "In Orbit - Hubble Help", AW&ST Sept. 15, 2003, p. 19. "In Orbit - Safety First", AW&ST Aug. 25, 2003, p. 17. "Space Log - Hubble Views Spiral Galaxy Consuming Dwarf Galaxy", SN Aug. 18, 2003, p. 10. "Hubble Review Panel Urges Extra Servicing Missions", SN Aug. 18, 2003, p. 6. "Washington Outlook - Hubble End Game", AW&ST Aug. 18, 2003, p. 23. "Hubble Panel Moves Swiftly To Recommend Telescope's Fate", SN Aug. 11, 2003, p. 15. "Space Log - Hubble Helps Discover Oldest Known Planet in Universe", SN July 21, 2003, p. 10. "A Big Step Backward", AW&ST July 7, 2003, p. 42. "Space Log - Evolution of Galaxies", SN June 30, 2003, p. 10. "Space Log - Sprinkler-Like Nebula Studied", SN June 2, 2003, p. 10. "Space Log - Hubble Detects Neptune's Change of Season", SN June 2, 2003, p. 10. "In Orbit - Springtime on Neptune", AW&ST June 2, 2003, p. 17. "Space Log - Hubble and Kitt Peak Capture Helix Nebula", SN May 19, 2003, p. 10. "Senator Questions NASA's Plans For Hubble Center Contract", SN May 12, 2003, p. 8. "Group Recommends NASA Study In-Orbit Telescope Assembly", SN May 12, 2003, p. 8. "Space Log - Star's Bright Burst Puzzles Hubble Scientists", SN May 5, 2003, p. 10. "On Thinner Ice", AW&ST May 5, 2003, p. 27. "In Orbit - Nicmos News", AW&ST May 5, 2003, p. 21. "Space Log - Hubble Images Supernovas", SN April 21, 2003, p. 14. "Delayed Hubble Mission Could Face Cancellation", SN April 14, 2003, p. 9. "Space Log - Computer Sciences Wins Pair of Civil Space Contracts", SN April 7, 2003, p. 22. "Space Log - Hubble Images Evaporating Planet", SN Mar. 24, 2003, p. 10. "In Orbit - Pinning the Tail", AW&ST Mar. 24, 2003, p. 21. "Space Log - Hubble Eyes Star Formation", SN Mar. 17, 2003, p. 12. "Space Log - Hubble Studies Nebula", SN Mar. 3, 2003, p. 12. "Extra Hubble Mission Proposed", SN Feb. 24, 2003, p. 1. "Space Log - Telescope Gives a View Back in Time", SN Jan. 20, 2003, p. 12. "Space Log - Hubble Extends Its View of the Universe", SN Jan. 20, 2003, p. 12. "In Orbit - Dawn of Time", AW&ST Jan. 20, 2003, p.15. "Space Log - Details of Young Galaxy", SN Jan. 13, 2003, p. 12. "Space Log - Destruction of Galaxies", SN Jan. 13, 2003, p. 12. : Refer also to the entry for Hubble Space Telescope - Years 2002 and Earelier.